These three volumes of The World as Will and Idea represent the seminal work of influential German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Explaining his philosophy that “the world is my representation,” Schopenhauer argues that individuals are motivated by pleasure, and that happiness and satisfaction are unattainable, making aesthetic contemplation the more prudent course. Heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer wrote a famous critique of Kantian philosophy, included in volume 2. With several known variations to the title, these volumes are presented as The World as Will and Idea, translated from German by R. B. Haldane and John Kemp.